To analyze the statement mathematically and philosophically, we must explore the interplay of **determinism**, **causality**, and the implications of an **infinite and unbounded cosmos** using rigorous mathematical and logical frameworks. Here's a breakdown: --- ### **1. Determinism and Ontological Closure** #### Definition of Determinism Mathematically, determinism implies the existence of a well-defined function $f$ such that: $$S(t) = f(S_0, t),$$ where $S(t)$ is the state of a system at time $t$, fully determined by the initial state $S_0$ and a deterministic evolution rule $f$. The function $f$ is complete if it accounts for all relevant variables and causal influences. #### Ontological Closure Ontological closure requires that the **causal set** $\mathcal{C}$, which generates $f$, be both: - **Sufficient**: $\mathcal{C}$ must contain all necessary information to determine $S(t)$. - **Complete**: $\mathcal{C}$ must be a closed set, meaning no external elements or "gaps" influence the outcome. From a set-theoretic perspective, determinism requires that for every event $E$, there exists a closed causal set $\mathcal{C}$ such that: $$E \in \text{closure}(\mathcal{C}),$$ where "closure" refers to the causal completeness — no external causes affect $E$. --- ### **2. Infinite Regression and the Breakdown of Closure** #### Infinite Chains in Causality Consider an infinite sequence of causes: $$\ldots, C_{-3} \to C_{-2} \to C_{-1} \to C_0,$$ where each $C_i$ causally depends on $C_{i-1}$. In a mathematical framework, this resembles a sequence in a metric space. Determinism requires the sequence to converge to a limit point: $$\lim_{n \to \infty} C_{-n} = \text{Closure Point},$$ which would act as an ultimate cause (a "first cause" or $C_{-\infty}$). However: - In an infinite cosmos, causality regresses infinitely without convergence, i.e., no finite $\mathcal{C}$ or limit point exists. - Thus, the causal chain does not form a complete set but remains perpetually open. This can be formalized using topology: the causal set $\mathcal{C}$ is not compact, as it lacks closure in the infinite-dimensional space of possible influences. --- ### **3. Fractal Causality: Infinite Divisibility** #### Fractal Nature of Causal Interactions In a fractal model, causality exhibits infinite divisibility. For any cause $C$, one can decompose it into sub-causes $\{C_i\}_{i=1}^\infty$: $$C = \bigcup_{i=1}^\infty C_i.$$ Such decomposition ensures that the causal structure never achieves closure, as the sum of contributions never yields a complete determinant: $$\sum_{i=1}^\infty C_i \neq \text{Total Determinant}.$$ This aligns with the idea of a **non-closed causal web**, where each "level" of causality introduces new influences. --- ### **4. Relational Causality and Open Systems** #### Multiplicity and Relationality In an infinite system, causality is inherently **relational**. Each event $E$ is influenced by a set $\mathcal{C}_E$ of partial causes. Mathematically: $$E = \bigcup_{i \in I} C_i, \quad C_i \in \mathcal{C}_E,$$ where $I$ is an index set of potentially infinite cardinality. If $I$ is infinite, no finite subset $\mathcal{C}'_E \subset \mathcal{C}_E$ suffices to determine $E$. --- ### **5. Determinism in an Infinite Cosmos** #### No First Cause, No Closure An infinite cosmos precludes a "first cause" or anchoring condition. Without a boundary to the causal chain, the entire structure of causation becomes open. From a measure-theoretic perspective, the space of causes is: $$\mathcal{C} = \bigcup_{i=1}^\infty \mathcal{C}_i,$$ where $\mathcal{C}_i$ are subsets of partial causes. This union is not measurable in a finite sense, meaning no closed, exhaustive subset can exist. #### Consequences for Determinism - **Non-closure**: Infinite regress and divisibility ensure no event has a fully sufficient causal set. - **Non-linearity**: Events arise not from linear chains but from a web of interdependencies, analogous to a **graph network** $G(V, E)$, where $V$ are events and $E$ are causal links. $G$ is infinite and densely connected, precluding deterministic pathways. --- ### **6. Conclusion: Collapse of Determinism** In an infinite and unbounded cosmos: 1. **Infinite Regress**: Causal chains never close, disrupting the ontological sufficiency determinism requires. 2. **Fractal Causality**: Infinite divisibility prevents the causal set from achieving completeness. 3. **Relational Openness**: Causality is distributed and relational, rejecting deterministic closure. From a mathematical standpoint, determinism depends on a closed, well-defined causal structure. An infinite cosmos invalidates such a structure, replacing it with an open, relational network where outcomes are influenced but never fully predetermined. Thus, causality persists, but determinism — as ontological closure — collapses.