Below is a **rewritten draft** of **Chapter 1: “Time as the Final Metaphysical Artifact”** that integrates the **stylistic, conceptual, and scholarly enhancements** suggested in the critique. It aims to **retain the original intent** while clarifying key points, grounding claims in established literature, and reframing time as **an operational measure of change** rather than an ontological backdrop. --- # 1. Time as the Final Metaphysical Artifact Despite the revolutions of twentieth-century physics, a subtle **metaphysical residue** persists in our understanding of the universe: the assumption that **time is a real, flowing dimension**. This assumption lingers even after Einstein abolished Newtonian absolutes, and it profoundly influences cosmology, where time \( t \) remains a universal parameter. Although relativity teaches us that clocks are inherently local and simultaneity is observer-dependent, cosmological models continue to posit a **global time variable**, effectively tr...
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--- Changism IV: Rewriting Cosmology by Unifying Geometry, Change, and Quantum Relationality (ChanGEsM) A Metaphysical and Physical Reinterpretation of Cosmology Without Dark Energy, Block Time, or Universal Clocks --- Table of Contents Preface The Last Clock Standing: The Hidden Assumption in Cosmology Part I - Ontological Foundations 1. Time as the Last Metaphysical Artifact 2. Change as the Substrate of Reality 3. Geometry as the Expression of Change 4. From Spacetime to the Space-Change Continuum Part II - The Mathematical Core 5. Introducing χ: The Local Rate of Change 6. Rewriting the Friedmann Equations Without Time 7. Weyl Geometry, Metric Variability, and Electromagnetic Structure 8. Zitterbewegung, Charge, and Field Quantization as Metric Undulations 9. From t to χ: A Covariant Reformulation of Relativity Part III - Cosmological Phenomena Reinterpreted 10. The Hubble Tension as a Misreading of Change 11. Dark Energy as a Fiction of Temporal Synchrony 12. Redshift, Distanc...